FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental Tesis Review of remediation techniques in agricultural soils contaminated by heavy metals in Latin America Meliza Nataly Lara Ponce Rubi del Pilar Mateo Coz Jose Vladimir Cornejo Tueros Para optar el Título Profesional de Ingeniero Ambiental Huancayo, 2025 Repositorio Institucional Continental Tesis digital Obra protegida bajo la licencia de "Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Perú" INFORME DE CONFORMIDAD DE ORIGINALIDAD DE TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN A : Decano de la Facultad de Ingeniería DE : Jose Vladimir Cornejo Tueros Asesor de trabajo de investigación ASUNTO : Remito resultado de evaluación de originalidad de trabajo de investigación FECHA : 6 de Noviembre de 2025 Con sumo agrado me dirijo a vuestro despacho para informar que, en mi condición de asesor del trabajo de investigación: Título: Review of remediation techniques in agricultural soils contaminated by heavy metals in Latin America URL / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4345-5_3 Autores: 1. Meliza Nataly Lara Ponce – Carrera profesional Ingeniería Ambiental 2. Rubi del Pilar Mateo Coz – Carrera profesional Ingeniería Ambiental 3. Jose Vladimir Cornejo Tueros – Carrera profesional Ingeniería Ambiental Se procedió con la carga del documento a la plataforma “Turnitin” y se realizó la verificación completa de las coincidencias resaltadas por el software dando por resultado 15 % de similitud sin encontrarse hallazgos relacionados a plagio. Se utilizaron los siguientes filtros:  Filtro de exclusión de bibliografía SI NO X  Filtro de exclusión de grupos de palabras menores SI NO X Nº de palabras excluidas (en caso de elegir “SI”):  Exclusión de fuente por trabajo anterior del mismo estudiante SI X NO En consecuencia, se determina que el trabajo de investigación constituye un documento original al presentar similitud de otros autores (citas) por debajo del porcentaje establecido por la Universidad Continental. Recae toda responsabilidad del contenido del trabajo de investigación sobre el autor y asesor, en concordancia a los principios expresados en el Reglamento del Registro Nacional de Trabajos conducentes a Grados y Títulos – RENATI y en la normativa de la Universidad Continental. Atentamente, La firma del asesor obra en el archivo original (No se muestra en este documento por estar expuesto a publicación) Review of remediation techniques in agricultural soils contaminated by heavy metals in Latin America Lara Ponce M. N.1, Mateo Coz R. P.1 and CornejoTueros J. V.1 1 Professional Academic School of Environmental Engineering, Continental University, Huancayo - Perú. 70302281@continental.edu.pe Abstract. The contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals is an envi- ronmental problem, social and economic that is currently facing Latin america, in just the past 5 years has seen a reduction in agricultural production and per- formance of the soil. The review article aims to analyze the techniques of biore- mediation most commonly used in Latin america in agricultural soils contami- nated by heavy metals, through a method of review is a systematic, selecting certain publications with a minimum of 6 years of age and performing a detailed analysis of each country. When analyzing the studies, it is evidence that the ma- jority of Latin american countries used the technique of phytoremediation be- cause of the advantages it offers, it's easy to obtain, the efficiency in reducing the concentration of heavy metals and low cost. Also, it is concluded that in some countries of Latin america there are no publications relating to this topic, therefore, it is assumed that it is due to the lack of motivation and implementa- tion of scientific and technological development by universities and states of each nationality. Keywords: Bioremediation, heavy metals, phytoremediation, and contaminated agricultural soils. 1 Introduction For Latin america, agriculture accounts for between 5% and 18% of Product Gross Domestic in 20 countries (1) at the global level is exported to 23% of raw materials in agricultural and fishery products, in addition, has a projected growth of 28% for the 2028 (2). According to the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (3) the soil is defined as a non-renewable natural resource of high importance that has val- uable functions in the development of the terrestrial ecosystem, ecological quality, maintenance of biodiversity, sustainability and evolution of all other resources. The fundamental need of the people is the power which is obtained through agricultural activities (4), however, in the agricultural sector, the land degradation is mostly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, poor disposal of wastes, agricultural practices, rapid urbanization, industrialization and oil spills. As a result, some consumers have mailto:70302281@continental.edu.pe 2 shown the presence of heavy metals in the products, which has led to an economic loss for the farmers who have invested in the export to a foreign market. The heavy metals (MP) are the main environmental pollutants of the type inorganic, hazardous by their toxicity, persistence and their cumulative capacity as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Mercury (Hg) and Copper (Cu), hereinafter referred to by its acronym (5). The heavy metals are toxic substances are not biodegradable, and possess properties of biomagnification turning them into a threat to the resources such as water, soil, and air which are harmed because they have influ- ence in the agricultural sector and in the human health (6). In high concentrations can impair human health, affecting the biological function of growth, and various organs, causing diseases that manifest in the long term, such as cancer, genetic diseases, and injuries of the nervous system (7). In developing countries, the agricultural lands are contaminated by heavy metals, which constitutes a severe environmental problem due to the toxicity of these (6). In Latin America, is extracted from the 44.6% of copper, and four of the five countries with the highest extraction of heavy metals such as: Peru (1° silver, 2° zinc, 3° copper and tin, 4° molybdenum, and lead, 5° gold), Chile (1° copper, lithium and iodine), Bra- zil (1° niobium, 2° iron, 3° bauxite, 5° tin) and Bolivia (3° antimony and 4° tin), mining is an activity that generates a great impact to the soil, after the agriculture moderna, which was regarded as one of the major sources of heavy metals, due to the use of fertilizers, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, which harms the performance of the agricultural productivity, crop protection, agricultural systems, agronomy, ecology, ge- netics, and population dynamics. To identify the types of metals and the amount of concentration in soils, must make an environmental monitoring, which should be guided by ethical and legal aspects such as regulatory law “Limits Maximum Permissible” (PML) which have been established in various countries, they have mostly been flexible with their parameters, allowing these contaminants affect significantly to the appeal of the soil in the agricultural sector. Such as in the countries of Peru, Cuba and Ecuador, which were found to be moderately contaminated with As, Pb, Cr, Zn and Ni in agricultural soils exceeding or being next to the LMP (7) (8) (9). Through the years, it has been developing technologies to reme- diate soils contaminated by heavy metals, one of them is the environmental biotechnol- ogy implemented in the agricultural field (10). Also, there have been new techniques and technologies that focus on the remediation of the resource from the soil through biological agents, nutrients and chemical compounds , such as bioremediation ex-situ and in-situ phytoremediation, biostimulation, among other (11). However, it has limi- tations at the level of implementation, operational, and economic, in the majority of cases is also the lack of knowledge of use of these technologies in this sector. Therefore, it is important to continue research to find a viable solution that contributes to a better development of sustainable agriculture. In this study we conducted a systematic review on the techniques of bioremediation used in agricultural soils that are contaminated by heavy metals in each country of Latin america. Our goal was to reflect the impact of heavy metals in agriculture and the pair analyze the techniques of bioremediation which help to reduce the concentrations of metals and enhance the development gap in Latin america. 3 2 Methodology The present investigation was carried out on the basis of literature carried out in various countries of Latin america, in the databases of Google Scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Sci- elo, Researchgate, and in the repositories college, published between the years 2017 to 2022, with the use of key words in Spanish and English as: heavy metals, bioremedia- tion, agricultural soils, Latin america, agriculture and pollution. It took into account the studies that had as objective to provide qualitative information and quantitative about the techniques of bioremediation in soils contaminated by heavy metals, with an em- phasis (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, As). Subsequently developed inclusion criteria that allowed select and analyze the study of bioremediation in contaminated soils, only col- lected 17 scientific articles by the lack of research related to the application of the tech- niques of bioremediation in Latin america and for this reason, it was decided to supple- ment the study with 9 thesis undergraduate and graduate. Once you have completed the literature search, the found material was collected in an Excel file to be tabulated in order to know the relevant information that you provided to carefully study the param- eters used in each technique. Table N° 3 is summed up with the most relevant information, these being the final criteria: Country where it was made, heavy metals, the technique of bioremediation and efficiency. 3 Techniques of bioremediation of soil in the agricultural sector To remediate contaminated sites, it is necessary to analyze and to examine the charac- teristics and types of pollutants, in addition to evaluate the structure of the site selection (4). In order to choose the correct technique of remediation of soils with a focus on chemical, physical and biological, some of the most widely used technologies is the bioremediation due to their efficiency, transformation of hazardous contaminants and restore in its original form (12). The techniques of bioremediation depending on the site are categorized into ex situ or in situ. However, to choose the technique of bioremedi- ation are considered some criteria such as the depth, degree of contamination, type of atmosphere, location, environmental policies, cost and performance criteria, all of which have advantages and disadvantages (13). 4 Figure 1. Techniques of bioremediation according to their type of selection (13). 3.1 Techniques of bioremediation Table 1: Review of Techniques of Bioremediation in Latin America. Description Advantages Disadvantages Phytoremediation Organic amend- ments Used through the use of plants, which perform catches of toxic substances, due to the fact that their roots have high absorption capacity (14). There are sev- eral techniques within the phytore- mediation as: phyto- extraction or phyto- accumulation, phy- todegradation, phy- tovolatilization, phytorestauration and phytostabiliza- tion. Figure 2 (15). This process fo- cuses on the use of the product of plant or animal origin, Respects the en- vironment, is the ef- ficient long-term and less expensive (16). High adsorption capacity of heavy metals, covering large surfaces, it is reusable and easy to implement. Reduce approxi- mately 15.3 to 84.6% heavy metals (17). Technology sus- tainable and cost-ef- fective. Fast and active microbial growth. (18) Used as sinks aimed at reducing To have a good efficiency must be combined with other treatments. Lower efficiency in soils heterogene- ous (16). It has some limi- tations to certain metals and other in- organic compounds in the soil. Hinder the pro- cess of bioremedia- tion when not used correctly, the amendments, and 5 contaminated sites is Bioaugmentation Biopila Rows Bioreactor whose principal ob- jective is to maintain and increase the con- centration of organic matter in the soil and the quality of their physical-chemical properties, to more easily absorb the nu- trients (18). Technique in us- ing microorganisms grown with the goal of biodegrade the contaminants from soil or water (20). Is the piling up of contaminated soil, are sometimes de- ployed with other techniques, such as amendments with nutrients and aera- tion. (13) Consists of the flip newspaper of the contaminated soil, by means of activi- ties of degradation of the hydrocarbon- oclastic bacteria. (13) Technology that consists of 4 parts, management of soil pollutants, the instal- lation of the han- dling and disposal of treated soils and bat- tery of the bioreac- tor. the bioavailability of the metal. Improves the deg- radation and rate of transformation of xenobiotics by means of insertion of microorganisms (21). Is achieved by an effective biodegra- dation. It is effective on sites ends contami- nated. The flexibility of the biopila allows you to shorten the time of remediation. Best technique for soils contami- nated with hydrocar- bons. More efficient in soil contaminated by recalcitrant in con- trolled environmen- tal conditions. Increased contact between microor- ganisms (23). the excess of nutri- ents is detrimental to the microbial com- munity (19). Bioavailability of the contaminant (22). You have to take a control of the tem- perature and aera- tion. In comparison to other techniques oc- cupy a large space. High cost of maintenance. It is not so recom- mended for soils contaminated with volatile toxic. More expensive than other tech- niques of bioremedi- ation (23). Bioventilation Is a mechanism They are efficient The restoration of 6 Biosorption Bioaspersion Permeable reactive barrier Mycoremediation for airing the hori- zon of the soil and stimulate the bacte- rial decomposition in the soil profile. refers to the up- take of metals that leads out to a bio- mass-complete (dead or alive), through mechanisms physico-chemical as adsorption or ion ex- change. This technique consists of injecting air into the subsoil with the goal to stimulate microbial activities. Is a technique for the remediation of organic pollutants and can also be ap- plied to the neutrali- zation of the pH. (27) Based on the use of ability of fungal strains that are re- sponsible for secret- ing enzymes that manage to digest substrates, so that can reduce a high level of pollution (28). in shallow depths (24). They are efficient in the generation of alkalinity, effective for the removal of metals multimetallic (25). Most commonly used in treatments contaminated by products of diesel and kerosene in aq- uifers. Treatment in-situ high potential. Overall effi- ciency for the re- moval of metals, and more than 70% of the sulfate. It is versatile, can be performed in situ or ex situ. Requires little space. Low cost. long-term. It is most com- monly used for groundwater. You can only treat the metals at low concentrations. It is necessary to feed the flows under conditions of physi- ologically permissi- ble (26). Predict the direc- tion of the air flow. High cost of maintenance. Useful life of the adsorbent materials. It can take quite a long time to remedi- ate the soil. If there are vari- ous pollutants, it is difficult to absorp- tion. There are several techniques within the phytoremediation as: phytoextraction or phyto- accumulation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytorestauration and phytosta- bilization. 7 Figure 2. Types of phytoremediation (15). Figure N° 2 shows the types of phytoremediation plants and micro-organisms that are associated to a better role in the recovery of contaminated soils, being based on a natural process through the use of native plant species associated with the degradation of pol- lutants being often considered as an alternative to the technologies of remediation for being an activity that is economically sustainable, efficient and respectful with the en- vironment. 4 Heavy metals in agricultural soils Heavy metals are pollutants that are mostly found associated with the soil, in some cases with natural origin when it is derived from parent material or activities carried on by the man (29). In addition, agricultural activities can contaminate the soil in the long term, due to the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, in which compound are heavy metals; also the long-term use of compost and sewage, untreated, can lead to increased levels of heavy metals in the soil, throwing values in excess of those permitted in the national and international legislation (30). Table 2: Impact generated by the heavy metals in soils agricultural Heavy metals Properties pollutants Impact Zn Is a metal that Is chemically active. Cu Difficult to degrade Cd Soluble in the soil solution, is manifested as chlorosis. Considered risky for plants, has a high content of phosphorus and sili- con. Exposure by ingestion, absorption and inhalation of particles that come from the soil. Considered to be dangerous in a state of low concentrations, affects organisms in terrestrial and aquatic. 8 Cr (0), Cr (III) trivalent and Cr the Cr (VI) are the species of chromium, more stable and fre- quent Compound of mercury Hg (Hg+1), inorganic mercury (Hg+1) and organic compounds of mercury (Hg+2). potential Risk to the agricultural sector. Toxic substance, can be found in three forms (elemental, inorganic and organic). Acid, ammunition, metal products. it Is highly toxic in natural As sources. Difficult to degrade. Affect the tissues physiologically active plant. Cause reduced growth and yield of the plant. Source: (31)(32)(33) 5 Result 5.1 Compilation of techniques of bioremediation used in the agricultural sector in Latin america In the following table we conducted a systematic review, which came to analyze the percentage of efficiency for each pollutant and the time of absorption according to the technique of bioremediation that are used in the agricultural sector in various countries of Latin america. Table 3: Review of the tremoval techniques of bioremediation and its efficiency in the agricultural sector in Latin america Technique of % Efficiency bioremediation ab- sorption Time Coun- try, References or authors Use of remedia- tion physicoche- mical 99.48% for chromium, 81.48% cadmium, and 5.9% lead * Peru and (34) Brazil Organic Amen- dments Amendments Biochar 80% Cal 60% 30-day Colom- bia Was achieved (35) organic to decrease the content of Pb removable with EDTA between 27% and 62% Index of 60-day Peru (36) 13 days Mycoremediation tolerance of 0.81 to an exhibition of 300 mg/kg of Cd of incuba- tion Colom- bia (37) Pb 9 99% and Zn Phytoremediation Phytoremediation Phytoremediation + Organic Amen- dments Amendments Value of saturation of absorption of Cu 75%, Cd and Pb 50%, and 75% Pb at the level of root 16,47% Cadmium (95 days) 0,94 % Removal for cadmium are 11% and to lead 9.951% Increase of to 120 in Peru (38) days 125 days Peru (38) 64 days Peru (39) in - organic (waste of wine-making) absorption from 15 to 75% 30-day Chile (40) Phytoremediation Efficiency of * Chile (41) organic Amen- dments (phosp- hate, di-ammo- nium FD, iron sulfate, SH, phosphate, fe- rrous FF, calcium peroxide PC and matters of organic MO) 30% Decrease of arsenic in a soil with amendments vs a land without 75 and 85 days Chile (41) Phytoremediation As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,Hg, Mn, Se, Pb, * Mexico (42) Phytoremediation Removal of cadmium to the 56,03 %. and lead to the 96,23 % 120 to 190 days in Colom- (43) bia Biosorption Removal of cadmium to the 98,63 %, 96,06 % and 88,93 % 11 days Vene- zuela (44) Mycoremediation Removal of Hg (57%) * Colom- bia (45) Phytoremediation Removal of the 58% of Cd * Mexico (46) Phytoremediation (phytoextrac- tion), Cu, Co, Zn and Pb. * Cuba (47) Phytoremediation Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn 1080 days Argen- tina (48) Phytoremediation Removal of the 18-28% Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn > 6 months Argen- tina (49) 10 bia 75.0% > 64.3% Zn Phytoremediation (Helianthus an- nus) Phytoremediation (alfafa, swiss chard, and ama- ranth) Phytoremediation (phytoextraction, phytostimulation and phytoaccu- mulation) Phytoremediation Removal of the Cd 100% with 6 40 days Peru (49) floors of H. annuus Removal of 90% of Pb 60 days Ecuador (50) Pb, Cd, As, Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn * Peru (51) Cd (BCF>1, TF<1 ) (phytostabiliza- tion) BCF= Factor bioconcetration TF= Factor translocation * Peru (52) Bioremediation, phytoremediation Cu. Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd * Colom- 3 days (53) Bioremediation Removal of Zn in a 50% of incu- bation Ecuador (54) Phytoremediation Removal 73% for Ace, 68% for Cu and 78% for Pb. * Chile (55) Phytoremediation Cu 92.9% > Faith 85.7% > Pb 6 months Mexico (56) *Time not specified 5.2 Countries of Latin america, that examined the techniques of bioremediation 11 Fig 3. Techniques of bioremediation most commonly used in Latin america. Figure N°3 indicates that Peru is the country with the highest research in the use of techniques of bioremediation, being the main technique phytoremediation with 60%, due to your great advantage and feasibility of implementation level, operational, and economic. Other techniques used are organic amendments, which were implemented in the largest quantity in Chile with 25%. On the other hand, takes into account the many other techniques that contribute to the treatment of contaminated soils. 6 Conclusion This research details the use of the various technologies of bioremediation in the agri- cultural sector in Latin america, to mitigate and reduce the concentrations of inorganic contaminants in the soil, the increase in the concentrations of metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr is reflected day-to-day in the present. Therefore, we analyzed in detail the research of various Latin american countries, concluding that the most widely used technique is the “phytoremediation” for their great advantage in various aspects such as efficiency, cost, variations, and ease of obtaining species vegetative to the ab- sorption of heavy metals, it also takes into account the combination of types of biore- mediation to reduce the inorganic contaminants in less time, but with higher costs than the traditional. 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